![]() ![]() ![]() Paine, he declared that written libel, even without an intent to publish, was sufficient to warrant prosecution the mere act of writing made an insult a libel because it recorded a printer’s state of mind. Holt relaxed the requirements for guilt by transferring the determination of intent from a jury to a judge. In the seventeenth century, jurors had generally required three criteria for successful convictions of libel-proof of defamatory content against individual(s), proof of publication or intent to publish, and proof of a malicious state of mind (intent). ![]() Bear (1699)-by Lord Chief Justice John Holt of the Court of King’s Bench (1689–1710) precipitated this change. By all accounts, the lapse of the Licensing Act in 1695, the passage of the Treason Trials Act of 1696, and two rulings- R v. By 1699, changes in laws and legal precedents afforded British governments new avenues to regulate the press. This article examines state libel trials between 16 because of historical conditions during this period that enable comparison. ![]()
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